Mobilization

动员，在军事术语中，是为战争集结和准备军队和物资的行为。动员这个词最初是在军事语境中使用的，用来描述19世纪50年代和60年代俄罗斯帝国军队的准备工作。此后，动员理论和动员策略不断发生变化。动员的反面是复员。19世纪，随着征兵制度的引入和铁路的引入，动员成为一个问题。动员使法国大革命期间首次实行的大规模征兵制制度化，并改变了战争的性质。若干技术和社会变革促进了向更有组织的部署方式迈进。其中包括电报提供快速通讯，铁路提供快速移动和集中部队，征兵提供训练有素的后备士兵以防战争。

Mobilization, in military terminology, is the act of assembling and readying troops and supplies for war. The word mobilization was first used, in a military context, to describe the preparation of the Imperial Russian Army during the 1850s and 1860s. Mobilization theories and tactics have continuously changed since then. The opposite of mobilization is demobilization.Mobilization became an issue with the introduction of conscription, and the introduction of the railways in the 19th century. Mobilization institutionalized the mass levy of conscripts that was first introduced during the French Revolution, and that had changed the character of war. A number of technological and societal changes promoted the move towards a more organized way of deployment. These included the telegraph to provide rapid communication, the railways to provide rapid movement and concentration of troops, and conscription to provide a trained reserve of soldiers in case of war.